فيديو تعليم اللغة الانجليزية الخاصة ب Accent reduction تعلم اللكنة, يحتوي هذا الفيديو على درس مع الصوت والصور لتعليم كلمات ومفردات اللغة الانجليزية بطريقة صحيحة للتحدث عن Accent reduction تعلم اللكنة بلغة الانجليزية الفصيحة, سوف تكون ماهرا وفصيحا في مناقشة المواضيع التي تخص Accent reduction تعلم اللكنة بسرعة وسهولة, هذا الديالوج باللغة الانجليزية يعتبر من أفضل طرق إتقان التحدث باللغة الانجليزية بسرعة وسهولة مثل الناطقين باللغة الانجليزية كلغة أم. حورا الانجليزية, محادثات الانجليزية, استماع للانجليزية, تعلم و تعليم الانجليزية, أفضل أحسن طريقة, دروس و درس الانجليزية, كورسات, كورس و بودكاست الانجليزية, صوتي مسموع, فيديو, الانترنت
Accent and Social factors
When a group defines a standard pronunciation, speakers who deviate from it are often said to "speak with an accent". However, everyone speaks with an accent.[2][11] People from the United States would "speak with an accent" from the point of view of an Australian, and vice versa. Accents such as BBC English or General American or Standard American may sometimes be erroneously designated in their countries of origin as "accentless" to indicate that they offer no obvious clue to the speaker's regional or social background.[2]
Accent and Being understood
Many teachers of English as a second language neglect to teach speech/pronunciation.[12] Many adult and near-adult learners of second languages have unintelligible speech patterns that may interfere with their education, profession, and social interactions.[12] Pronunciation in a second or foreign language involves more than the correct articulation of individual sounds. It involves producing a wide range of complex and subtle distinctions which relate sound to meaning at several different levels.[12]
Teaching of speech/pronunciation is neglected in part because of the following myths:
Pronunciation isn't important: "This is patently false from any perspective."[12] Speech/Pronunciation forms the vehicle for transmitting the speaker's meaning. If the listener does not understand the message, no communication takes place, and although there are other factors involved, one of the most important is the intelligibility of the speaker's pronunciation.[12]
Students will pick it up on their own: "Some will learn to pronounce the second language intelligibly; many will not."[12]
Inadequate instruction in speech/pronunciation can result in a complete breakdown in communication.[12] The proliferation of commercial "accent reduction" services is seen as a sign that many ESL teachers are not meeting their students' needs for speech/pronunciation instruction.[12]
The goals of speech/pronunciation instruction should include: to help the learner speak in a way that is easy to understand and does not distract the listener, to increase the self-confidence of the learner, and to develop the skills to self-monitor and adapt one's own speech.[12]
Even when the listener does understand the speaker, the presence of an accent that is difficult to understand can produce anxiety in the listener that he will not understand what comes next, and cause him to end the conversation earlier or avoid difficult topics.[12]
Accent Prestige
Certain accents are perceived to carry more prestige in a society than other accents. This is often due to their association with the elite part of society. For example in the United Kingdom, Received Pronunciation of the English language is associated with the traditional upper class.[13] The same can be said about the predominance of Southeastern Brazilian accents in the case of the Brazilian standard of the Portuguese language, specially considering the disparity of prestige between the most caipira-affected, or rural, speech and the more cultivated paulistano (Greater São Paulo dialect) and carioca (Greater Rio de Janeiro accent) speakers inside Southeastern Brazil itself.[14] However, in linguistics, there is no differentiation among accents in regard to their prestige, aesthetics, or correctness. All languages and accents are linguistically equal.[15]
Accent stereotyping and prejudice
Stereotypes refer to specific characteristics, traits, and roles that a group and its members are believed to possess.[16] Stereotypes can be both positive and negative, although negative are more common.
Stereotypes may result in prejudice, which is defined as having negative attitudes toward a group and its members.[17] Individuals with non-standard accents often have to deal with both negative stereotypes and prejudice because of an accent.[18] Researchers consistently show that people with accents are judged as less intelligent, less competent, less educated, having poor English/language skills, and unpleasant to listen to.[18] [19] [20] [21][22] Not only people with standard accents subscribe to these beliefs and attitudes, but individuals with accents also often stereotype against their own or others' accents.[citation needed]
Accent discrimination
Discrimination refers to specific behaviors or actions directed at a group or its individual members based solely on the group membership. In accent discrimination, one's way of speaking is used as a basis for arbitrary evaluations and judgments.[23] Unlike other forms of discrimination, there are no strong norms against accent discrimination in the general society. Rosina Lippi-Green writes,
Accent serves as the first point of gate keeping because we are forbidden, by law and social custom, and perhaps by a prevailing sense of what is morally and ethically right, from using race, ethnicity, homeland or economics more directly. We have no such compunctions about language, however. Thus, accent becomes a litmus test for exclusion, and excuse to turn away, to recognize the other.[2]
Speakers with certain accents often experience discrimination in housing and employment.[24][25] For example, landlords are less likely to call back speakers who have foreign or ethnic accents and are more likely to be assigned by employers to lower status positions than are those with standard accents.[26] In business settings, individuals with non-standard accents are more likely to be evaluated negatively.[27] Accent discrimination is also present in educational institutions. For example, non-native speaking graduate students, lecturers, and professors, across college campuses in the US have been target for being unintelligible because of accent.[28] On average, however, students taught by non-native English speaker do not underperform when compared to those taught by native speakers of English.[29]
Studies have shown the perception of the accent, not the accent by itself, often results in negative evaluations of speakers. In a study conducted by Rubin (1992), students listened to a taped lecture recorded by the same native English speaker with a standard accent. However, they were shown a picture of the lecturer who was either a Caucasian or Asian. Participants in the study who saw the Asian picture believed that they had heard an accented lecturer and performed more badly on a task measuring lecture comprehension. Negative evaluations may reflect the prejudices rather than real issues with understanding accents.[25][30]
Legal implications
In the United States, Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibits discrimination based on national origin, implying accents. However, employers may claim that a person’s accent impairs his or her communication skills that are necessary to the effective business operation.[11] The courts often rely on the employer’s claims or use judges’ subjective opinions when deciding whether the (potential) employee’s accent would interfere with communication or performance, without any objective proof that accent was or might be a hindrance.[31]
Kentucky's highest court in the case of Clifford vs. Commonwealth held that a white police officer, who had not seen the black defendant allegedly involved in a drug transaction, could, nevertheless, identify him as a participant by saying that a voice on an audiotape "sounded black." The police officer based this "identification" on the fact that the defendant was the only African American man in the room at the time of the transaction and that an audio-tape contained the voice of a man the officer said “sounded black” selling crack cocaine to a white informant planted by the police.[13]
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